The Economics of Medication Safety: A Cost-Benefits Analysis Framework for Evaluating an Electronic Medication System.

Medication prescribing in paediatrics is complex and compounded by the need to provide age and weight related doses, and errors continue to be problematic. Electronic medication systems (EMS) can reduce errors through dosing calculators and computerised decision support. However, evidence on costs and benefits of these systems is limited, particularly in paediatric hospitals. This paper presents the development of a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) framework to assess the impact of an EMS implementation in a paediatric tertiary hospital. An innovative component of the framework is the incorporation of the impact of the effects of the EMS for both the health system as well as for patients and their wider family networks, allowing a net social benefit assessment. We describe the impact of non-clinical out-of-pocket costs of admission and use discrete choice experiments to measure both medication related harm and the importance of medication safety to families and members of the community.

Stepped-Wedge Cluster RCT to Assess the Effects of an Electronic Medication System on Medication Administration Errors.

Medication errors are a leading cause of preventable harm in hospitals. Electronic medication systems (EMS) have shown success in reducing the risk of prescribing errors, but considerable less evidence is available about whether these systems support a reduction in medication administration errors in paediatrics. Using a stepped wedge cluster randomized controlled trial we investigated changes in medication administration error rates following the introduction of an EMS in a paediatric referral hospital in Sydney, Australia. Direct observations of 284 nurses as they prepared and administered 4555 medication doses was undertaken and observational data compared against patient records to identify administration errors. We found no significant change in administration errors post EMS (adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] 1.09; 95% CI 0.89-1.32) and no change in rates of potentially serious administration errors (aOR 1.18; 95%CI 0.9-1.56), or those resulting in actual harm (aOR 0.92; 95%CI 0.34-2.46). Errors in administration of medications by some routes increased post EMS. In the first 70 days of EMS use medication administration error rates were largely unchanged.

The Health Innovation Series: Translating Research Evidence into Practice.

Electronic medication systems (EMS) improve medication safety in hospitals; however require modifications to optimize their performance. Drawing on a five-year program of research, we developed the Health Innovation Series to disseminate recommendations arising from our research to a wide audience. Each issue contains EMS optimization tips that can be actioned by EMS managers and system vendors, as well as user tips for health professionals including nurses, doctors and pharmacists. Five issues were released by 30 Nov 2022, via two email campaigns, with further issues planned. The five issues had 2,035 downloads by March 2023. The most recent email campaign open and click rates indicate very good audience engagement.

[Translated article] Analysis of the degree of implementation of medication error prevention practices in Spanish hospitals (2022).

OBJECTIVE: To assess the degree of implementation of medication error prevention practices in Spanish hospitals. METHOD: Descriptive multicenter study of the degree of implementation of the safety practices included in the "Medication use-system safety self-assessment for hospitals. Version. II". Spanish hospitals that completed the questionnaire between October, 2021 and September, 2022 participated. The survey contains 265 items for evaluation grouped into 10 key elements. Mean score and mean percentages based on the maximum possible values for the overall survey, for the key elements, and for each individual item of evaluation were calculated. The results were compared with those of the previous 2011 study. RESULTS: A total of 131 hospitals from 15 autonomous regions participated in the study. The mean score of the overall questionnaire in all hospitals was 898.2 (57.4% of the maximum possible score). No differences were found according to dependency, size, or type of hospital, either in the overall questionnaire or in the key elements. The lowest values were found for key elements VIII, I and VI, on competence and training of health professionals in safety practices (45.1%), availability and accessibility of essential information on patients (48%), and devices for administering drugs (52.3%). With respect to 2011, significant increases were found both in the overall questionnaire and in the key elements, except V and VII, referring to standardization, storage, and distribution of medications, and environmental factors and human resources. Several evaluation items on the safe management of high-risk drugs, medication reconciliation, incorporation of clinical pharmacists into the healthcare teams, and implementation of technologies that allow full traceability throughout the medication system, showed low percentages. CONCLUSIONS: There has been appreciable progress in the degree of implementation of some medication error prevention practices in Spanish hospitals, but many proven efficacy practices recommended by the World Health Organization and safety organizations are still poorly implemented. The information obtained can be useful for prioritizing the practices to be addressed and as a new baseline for monitoring progress.

Analysis of the degree of implementation of medication error prevention practices in Spanish hospitals (2022). / Análisis del grado de implantación de las prácticas de prevención de errores de medicación en los hospitales españoles (2022).

OBJECTIVE: To assess the degree of implementation of medication error prevention practices in Spanish hospitals. METHOD: Descriptive multicenter study of the degree of implementation of the safety practices included in the "Medication use-system safety self-assessment for hospitals. Version. II". Spanish hospitals that completed the questionnaire between October/2021 and September/2022 participated. The survey contains 265 items for evaluation grouped into 10 key elements. Mean score and mean percentages based on the maximum possible values for the overall survey, for the key elements and for each individual item of evaluation were calculated. The results were compared with those of the previous 2011 study. RESULTS: A total of 131 hospitals from 15 autonomous regions participated in the study. The mean score of the overall questionnaire in all hospitals was 898.2 (57.4% of the maximum possible score). No differences were found according to dependency, size or type of hospital, either in the overall questionnaire or in the key elements. The lowest values were found for key elements 8, 1 and 6, on competence and training of health professionals in safety practices (45.1%), availability and accessibility of essential information on patients (48%), and devices for administering drugs (52.3%). With respect to 2011, significant increases were found both in the overall questionnaire and in the key elements, except 5 and 7, referring to standardization, storage and distribution of medications, and environmental factors and human resources. Several evaluation items on the safe management of high-risk drugs, medication reconciliation, incorporation of clinical pharmacists into the healthcare teams and implementation of technologies that allow full traceability throughout the medication system, showed low percentages CONCLUSIONS: There has been appreciable progress in the degree of implementation of some medication error prevention practices in Spanish hospitals, but many proven efficacy practices recommended by the World Health Organization and safety organizations are still poorly implemented. The information obtained can be useful for prioritizing the practices to be addressed and as a new baseline for monitoring progress.

Contextualized medication event extraction with striding NER and multi-turn QA.

This paper describes contextualized medication event extraction for automatically identifying medication change events with their contexts from clinical notes. The striding named entity recognition (NER) model extracts medication name spans from an input text sequence using a sliding-window approach. Specifically, the striding NER model separates the input sequence into a set of overlapping subsequences of 512 tokens with 128 tokens of stride, processing each subsequence using a large pre-trained language model and aggregating the outputs from the subsequences. The event and context classification has been done with multi-turn question-answering (QA) and span-based models. The span-based model classifies the span of each medication name using the span representation of the language model. In the QA model, event classification is augmented with questions in classifying the change events of each medication name and the context of the change events, while the model architecture is a classification style that is the same as the span-based model. We evaluated our extraction system on the n2c2 2022 Track 1 dataset, which is annotated for medication extraction (ME), event classification (EC), and context classification (CC) from clinical notes. Our system is a pipeline of the striding NER model for ME and the ensemble of the span-based and QA-based models for EC and CC. Our system achieved a combined F-score of 66.47% for the end-to-end contextualized medication event extraction (Release 1), which is the highest score among the participants of the n2c2 2022 Track 1.

Plan de implementación de Dosis Unitaria en el servicio de neonatología en el Hospital Cochabamba / Plan for the Implementation of the Unit Dose in the Neonatology Service of Cochabamba Hospital / Plano de Implementação de Dose Unitária no Serviço de Neonatologia do Hospital Cochabamba

En la actualidad la sepsis neonatal es uno de los principales diagnósticos en el servicio de Neonatología del Hospital Cochabamba, el medicamento de mayor elección para el tratamiento farmacológico de esta infección es la Amicacina, con la probabilidad de causar hipoacusia neonatal, la hipoacusia o disminución de la percepción auditiva, es un problema de especial importancia durante la infancia, ya que el desarrollo intelectual y social del niño está íntimamente ligado a las aferencias auditivas al sistema nervioso central, cuyo potencial discapacitante y minusvalidante depende en gran medida de la precocidad con que se realice el diagnóstico y se instaure el tratamiento y la rehabilitación. Objetivo. Diseñar un plan de implementación de Dosis Unitaria para contribuir a disminuir la hipoacusia en los pacientes neonatos. Materiales y Métodos se realizó un estudio documental basado en los registros de las Historias clínicas de los pacientes, realizándose un estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo. Se utilizaron los métodos empíricos como la encuesta, la entrevista y la observación científica, con el fin de demostrar y obtener un diagnóstico fidedigno, apoyándose con fuentes y estudios sobre la hipoacusia como sustento teórico. Resultados. Ante la evidencia de la existencia de la hipoacusia neonatal, como posible efecto adverso del uso farmacológico de la amicacina, se obtiene como resultado de la investigación la necesidad imperiosa de un plan de implementación en Dosis Unitaria para el servicio de neonatología del Hospital. Conclusiones. Los pacientes neonatos recibirán una atención segura, eficaz y humanizada con base a una implementación de Dosis Unitaria.

At present, neonatal sepsis is one of the main diagnoses in the Neonatology service of the Cochabamba Hospital, the drug of choice for the pharmacological treatment of this infection is Amicacin, with the probability of causing neonatal hypoacusis, the hypoacusis or decrease in auditory perception, is a problem of special importance during childhood, since the intellectual and social development of the child is intimately linked to the auditory afferents to the central nervous system, whose disabling and handicapping potential depends to a great extent on the precocity with which the diagnosis is made and the treatment and rehabilitation are established. Objective. To design a plan for the implementation of Unit Dose to contribute to the reduction of hearing loss in neonatal patients. Materials and Methods. A documentary study was carried out based on the patients' medical records, performing a descriptive and retrospective study. Empirical methods such as survey, interview and scientific observation were used in order to demonstrate and obtain a reliable diagnosis, supported by sources and studies on hypoacusis as theoretical support. Results. In view of the evidence of the existence of neonatal hypoacusis, as a possible adverse effect of the pharmacological use of amikacin, it is obtained as a result of the research the imperative need of an implementation plan in Unit Dose for the neonatology service of the Hospital. Conclusions. Neonatal patients will receive safe, effective and humanized care based on a Unit Dose implementation.

Atualmente, a sepse neonatal é um dos principais diagnósticos no serviço de Neonatologia do Hospital de Cochabamba. O medicamento de escolha para o tratamento farmacológico desta infecção é a Amicacina, com a probabilidade de causar hipoacusia neonatal, hipoacusia ou diminuição da percepção auditiva, é um problema de especial importância durante a infância, já que o desenvolvimento intelectual e social da criança está intimamente ligado aos aferentes auditivos do sistema nervoso central, cujo potencial incapacitante e deficiente depende em grande parte de quão cedo o diagnóstico é feito e como o tratamento e a reabilitação são estabelecidos. Objetivo. Elaborar um plano para a implementação da Unidade Dose para contribuir para a redução da perda auditiva em pacientes neonatais. Materiais e Métodos. Foi realizado um estudo documental baseado nos registros das histórias clínicas dos pacientes, realizando um estudo descritivo e retrospectivo. Métodos empíricos como pesquisa, entrevista e observação científica foram utilizados para demonstrar e obter um diagnóstico confiável, apoiado por fontes e estudos sobre hipoacusia como suporte teórico. Resultados. Dada a evidência da existência de hipoacusia neonatal, como um possível efeito adverso do uso farmacológico do amikacin, os resultados da pesquisa mostram a necessidade imperativa de um plano de implementação na Unidade Dose para o serviço de neonatologia do Hospital. Conclusões. Os pacientes neonatais receberão um cuidado seguro, eficaz e humanizado com base na implementação de uma dose unitária.

Caracterização dos incidentes notificados envolvendo o uso de medicamentos em unidades de internação adulto / Caracterización de las incidencias notificadas de uso de medicamentos en unidades de hospitalidad de adultos / Characterization of notified incidents involving the use of drugs in adult inpatient units

Objetivo: caracterizar os incidentes notificados envolvendo o uso de medicamentos em unidades de internação adulto de um hospital universitário. Método: estudo observacional do tipo transversal,em um hospital universitário de grande porte no sul do país. Utilizaram-se 1896 notificações do sistema eletrônico da instituição referente aos erros de medicação, entre 2015 e 2017, em 13 unidades de internação adulto clínica e cirúrgica. Para análise das variáveis utilizou-se um instrumento próprio e estatística descritiva. Resultados: os incidentes de medicação estiveram relacionados à prescrição (85,9%) e administração (10,1%) e envolviam o atraso da prescrição (77%) e a dose errada (7,9%), respectivamente. Os erros concentraram-se no ano de 2015 (70,2%), em unidades de internação cirúrgica (90%) e verificou-se informações preenchidas parcialmente e/ou incompletas nas notificações (70%).Conclusão: a caracterização dos incidentes subsidiou a implementação de estratégias pelos gestores da instituição, voltadas para a problemática, reduzindo as ocorrências e melhorando o cuidado ao paciente.

Objective: to characterize the reported incidents involving the use of medication in adult inpatient units of a university hospital. Method: this is an observational, cross-sectional, in a large university hospital in the south of the country. We used 1896 notifications from the institution's electronic system regarding medication errors, between 2015 and 2017, in 13 adult clinical and surgical hospitalization units. To analyze the variables, a specific instrument and descriptive statistics were used. Results: medication incidents were related to prescription (85.9%) and administration (10.1%) and involved prescription delay (77%) and wrong dose (7.9%), respectively. Errors were concentrated in 2015 (70.2%), in surgical inpatient units (90%) and information was partially filled and/or incomplete in the notifications (70%).Conclusion: the characterization of the incidents supported the implementation of strategies by the institution's managers, focused on the problem, reducing notifications and improving patient care.

Objetivo: caracterizar los incidentes reportados relacionados con el uso de medicación en unidades de internación de adultos de un hospital universitario. Método: se trata de un estudio observacional, transversal, en un gran hospital universitario del sur del país. Se utilizaron 1896 notificaciones del sistema electrónico de la institución sobre errores de medicación, entre 2015 y 2017, en 13 unidades de hospitalización clínica y quirúrgica de adultos. Para el análisis de las variables se utilizó un instrumento específico y estadística descriptiva. Resultados: los incidentes de medicación se relacionaron con la prescripción (85,9%) y la administración (10,1%) e involucraron retraso en la prescripción (77%) y dosis incorrecta (7,9%), respectivamente. Los errores se concentraron en 2015 (70,2%), en las unidades de internación quirúrgica (90%) y la información estaba parcialmente llena y/o incompleta en las notificaciones (70%). Conclusión: la caracterización de los incidentes apoyó la implementación de estrategias por parte de los gerentes de la institución, enfocadas al problema, reduciendo las notificaciones y mejorando la atención al paciente.

Caracterização dos incidentes notificados envolvendo o uso de medicamentos em unidades de internação adulto / Caracterización de las incidencias notificadas de uso de medicamentos en unidades de hospitalidad de adultos / Characterization of notified incidents involving the use of drugs in adult inpatient units

Objetivo: caracterizar os incidentes notificados envolvendo o uso de medicamentos em unidades de internação adulto de um hospital universitário. Método: estudo observacional do tipo transversal,em um hospital universitário de grande porte no sul do país. Utilizaram-se 1896 notificações do sistema eletrônico da instituição referente aos erros de medicação, entre 2015 e 2017, em 13 unidades de internação adulto clínica e cirúrgica. Para análise das variáveis utilizou-se um instrumento próprio e estatística descritiva. Resultados: os incidentes de medicação estiveram relacionados à prescrição (85,9%) e administração (10,1%) e envolviam o atraso da prescrição (77%) e a dose errada (7,9%), respectivamente. Os erros concentraram-se no ano de 2015 (70,2%), emunidades de internação cirúrgica (90%) e verificou-se informações preenchidas parcialmente e/ou incompletas nas notificações (70%).Conclusão: acaracterização dos incidentes subsidiou a implementação de estratégias pelos gestores da instituição, voltadas para a problemática, reduzindo as ocorrências e melhorando o cuidado ao paciente

Objective:to characterize the reported incidents involving the use of medication in adult inpatient units of a university hospital. Method:this is an observational, cross-sectional, in a large university hospital in the south of the country. We used 1896 notifications from the institution's electronic system regarding medication errors, between 2015 and 2017, in 13 adult clinical and surgical hospitalization units. To analyze the variables, a specific instrument and descriptive statistics were used.Results:medication incidents were related to prescription (85.9%) and administration (10.1%) and involved prescription delay (77%) and wrong dose (7.9%), respectively. Errors were concentrated in 2015 (70.2%), in surgical inpatient units (90%) and information was partially filled and/or incomplete in the notifications (70%).Conclusion:the characterization of the incidents supported the implementation of strategies by the institution's managers, focused on the problem, reducing notifications and improving patient care

Objetivo: caracterizar los incidentes reportados relacionados con el uso de medicación en unidades de internación de adultos de un hospital universitario. Método: se trata de un estudio observacional, transversal, en un gran hospital universitario del sur del país. Se utilizaron 1896 notificaciones del sistema electrónico de la institución sobre errores de medicación, entre 2015 y 2017, en 13 unidades de hospitalización clínica y quirúrgica de adultos. Para el análisis de las variables se utilizó un instrumento específico y estadística descriptiva. Resultados:los incidentes de medicación se relacionaron con la prescripción (85,9%) y la administración (10,1%) e involucraron retraso en la prescripción (77%) y dosis incorrecta (7,9%), respectivamente. Los errores se concentraron en 2015 (70,2%),en las unidades de internación quirúrgica (90%) y la información estaba parcialmente llena y/o incompleta en las notificaciones (70%). Conclusión: la caracterización de los incidentes apoyó la implementación de estrategias por parte de los gerentes de la institución, enfocadas al problema, reduciendo las notificaciones y mejorando la atención al paciente

Medication adherence to obeticholic acid: a real-world experience using medication event monitoring systems.

OBJECTIVE: We designed a clinical study to analyze patterns of adherence to  obeticholic acid, factors influencing the adherence and potential correlation with  treatment efficacy by using MEMS® cap in practice daily. Method: A multicenter prospective observational study of patients with primary  biliary cholangitis. Adherence will be measured by MEMS® cap, pill count, and  patient-reported outcomes during 3 months. The quality of life will be self- reported using the Chronic Liver Disease Questionnaire test, European Quality of  Life 5-Dimension Questionnaire test and Itch Severity Scale. CONCLUSIONS: We expect to clarify if there is correlation between adherence with  treatment efficacy and to identify causes for poor compliance and introduce  measures to reduce its prevalence.

OBJETIVO: Diseñamos un estudio clínico para analizar los patrones de adherencia al ácido obeticólico, los factores que influyen en la adherencia y  la posible correlación con la eficacia del tratamiento mediante el uso de  MEMS® cap en la práctica clínica diaria.Método: Estudio observacional prospectivo multicéntrico de pacientes con  colangitis biliar primaria. La adherencia se medirá mediante MEMS® cap, el  recuento de comprimidos y se registrarán los resultados comunicados por el  paciente durante 3 meses. La calidad de vida será autoinformada utilizando el  Cuestionario de Enfermedad Hepática Crónica, el Cuestionario Europeo de  Calidad de Vida en cinco dimensiones y la Escala de Intensidad del Picor. CONCLUSIONES: Esperamos identificar si existe una relación entre la adherencia  con la efectividad del tratamiento e identificar las causas de la  falta de adherencia para poder introducir medidas para reducir su prevalencia.

Your clinical pharmacist can save your life, the impact of pharmacists intervention

Objective: Patient safety and adverse event analysis are of paramount importance in the management of patient medication, given the significant economic burden they place on a country’s healthcare system. Medication errors fall into the category of preventable adverse drug therapy events and are therefore of key importance from a patient safety perspective. Our study aims to identify the types of medication errors associated with the medication dispensing process and to determine whether automated individual medication dispensing with pharmacist intervention significantly reduces medication errors, thereby increasing patient safety, compared to traditional, ward base medication dispensing (by a nurse). Method: A prospective, quantitative, doubleblind point prevalence study was conducted in three inpatient internal medicine wards of Komló Hospital in February 2018 and 2020. We analyzed data from comparisons of prescribed and non-prescribed oral medications in 83 and 90 patients per year aged 18 years or older with different diagnoses treated for internal medicine on the same day and in the same ward. In the 2018 cohort, medication was traditionally dispensed by a ward nurse, while in the 2020 cohort, it used automated individual medication dispensing with pharmacist intervention. Transdermally administered, parenteral and patient-introduced preparations were excluded from our study. Results: We identified the most common types of errors associated with drug dispensing. The overall error rate in the 2020 cohort was significantly lower (0.9%) than in the 2018 cohort (18.1%) (p < 0.05). Medication errors were observed in 51% of patients in the 2018 cohort, i.e. 42 patients, of which 23 had multiple errors simultaneously. In contrast, in the 2020 cohort, a medication error occurred in 2%, i.e. 2 patients (p < 0.05). (AU)

Capacitación para Campaña de Vacunación: Encuentro 4

Registro de las dosis y su importancia.

Adherencia terapéutica de ácido obeticólico: experiencia real utilizando sistemas demonitorización de medicación electrónicos / Medication adherence to obeticholic acid: a real-world experience using medication event monitoring systems

Objetivo: Diseñamos un estudio clínico para analizar los patrones deadherencia al ácido obeticólico, los factores que influyen en la adherencia y la posible correlación con la eficacia del tratamiento mediante eluso de MEMS® cap en la práctica clínica diaria.Método: Estudio observacional prospectivo multicéntrico de pacientescon colangitis biliar primaria. La adherencia se medirá mediante MEMS®cap, el recuento de comprimidos y se registrarán los resultados comunicados por el paciente durante 3 meses. La calidad de vida será autoinformada utilizando el Cuestionario de Enfermedad Hepática Crónica,el Cuestionario Europeo de Calidad de Vida en cinco dimensiones y laEscala de Intensidad del Picor.Conclusiones: Esperamos identificar si existe una relación entre laadherencia con la efectividad del tratamiento e identificar las causasde la falta de adherencia para poder introducir medidas para reducir suprevalencia. (AU)

Objective: We designed a clinical study to analyze patterns of adherence to obeticholic acid, factors influencing the adherence and potentialcorrelation with treatment efficacy by using MEMS® cap in practice daily.Method: A multicenter prospective observational study of patients withprimary biliary cholangitis. Adherence will be measured by MEMS® cap,pill count, and patient-reported outcomes during 3 months. The qualityof life will be self-reported using the Chronic Liver Disease Questionnairetest, European Quality of Life 5-Dimension Questionnaire test and ItchSeverity Scale.Conclusions: We expect to clarify if there is correlation between adherence with treatment efficacy and to identify causes for poor complianceand introduce measures to reduce its prevalence. (AU)

Biometric palm vein authentication of psychiatric patients for reducing in-hospital medication errors: a pre-post observational study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate a biometric palm vein authentication system to prevent medication administration errors in psychiatric hospitals. DESIGN: This is a pre-post observational study. SETTING: Conventionally, the medication was distributed after a double check. We developed and introduced a new medication administration cart in two psychiatric hospitals in Japan, in which each patient-specific drug box had to be electronically opened only by palm vein authentication. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 3444 and 3523 patients were present 18 months before and after introducing the cart, respectively. Of the 212 nurses recruited, 28 were excluded due to a lack of experience with the conventional medication administration system and incomplete questionnaires. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was the efficacy of this system by comparing the incidence of medication administration errors before and after introducing the cart. The secondary outcome was a survey regarding nurses' attitudes toward this system. RESULTS: After introduction of the new system, the number of medication errors due to misidentification of persons relative to the total number of admitted patients was significantly reduced from 6/3444 to 2/3523 (p<0.0001). Among 184 nurses, 182 responded that anxiety regarding administration errors was either reduced or unchanged using this system. Male nurses reported a greater increase in work burden than female nurses (OR=3.11, 95% CI=1.44 to 6.72). Nurses working in chronic care wards reported greater time pressure than nurses working in emergency wards (OR=3.33, 95% CI=1.16 to 9.57). Nurses working in dementia care wards reported a greater patient care burden than nurses working in emergency wards (OR=5.67, 95% CI=1.22 to 26.27). CONCLUSIONS: This new system might have potential for reducing the patient misidentification risk during medication without increasing the anxiety experienced by nurses concerning administration errors. However, system usability and efficiency must be improved to reduce additional work burden, time pressure and patient care burden.

Implantación de un programa de atención farmacéutica y suministro directo de medicación a un centro sociosanitario privado / Implementation of a pharmaceutical care program and medication supply system to a private nursing home

Objetivo: el objetivo principal de este trabajo es describir las actividades realizadas para la implan-tación del programa de atención farmacéutica a la primera residencia sociosanitaria privada vinculada a nuestro servicio de farmacia y detallar los recur-sos empleados. La iniciativa surgió de la necesidad de cumplimiento del Decreto 92/2019, del Gobierno de Aragón, por el que se regula la atención farma-céutica en los centros sociales de Aragón. El obje-tivo secundario es analizar el impacto económico y de actividad tras la implantación.Método: el proceso de implantación se realizó en-tre junio y diciembre de 2020 en tres fases: análisis de la situación previa, preimplantación e implanta-ción. Los recursos materiales y humanos utilizados fueron mínimos. El proceso farmacoterapéutico implantado contempla la prescripción en un módu-lo de la historia clínica electrónica que se sincroniza con el módulo de unidosis de Farmatools® del servicio de farmacia, validación farmacéutica y dispensación en dosis unitarias por paciente.Resultado: el ahorro medio mensual en costes directos de medicamentos frente al modelo ante-rior fue de 4.080,81 € (48,97%). La aplicación del programa supone un incremento importante de la actividad del servicio (tiempo de validación, pre-paración y revisión de tratamientos, recepción de pedidos y reenvasado).Conclusión: la implantación de programas de atención farmacéutica a centros sociosanitarios desde los servicios de farmacia consigue reducir costes directos en medicamentos. Sin embargo, los proyectos deben ir acompañados de presupuesto en personal y material para poder desarrollar una atención farmacéutica de calidad (AU)

Objetive: the main objective is to describe the activities performed for the implementation of a pharmaceutical care program in the first private nursing home dependent on our pharmacy depart-ment, and to detail the resources used for it. This initiative was motivated by the need to comply with the Decree 92/2019, of the Government of Aragon, which regulates pharmaceutical care in the nursing homes of Aragon. The secondary objective is to analyse the economic and activity impact after the implementation.Method: the implantation process was carried out between June and December 2020 in three phases: analysis of the previous situation, pre-implementa-tion and implementation. The program needed very little equipment and human resources to be carried out. The pharmacotherapeutic process contem-plates the prescription in a section of the electronic medical record, that synchronises with the prescrib-ing software of the Pharmacy Department (Farma-tools®). Furthermore, it includes pharmaceutical validation and unit-dose dispensation per patient.Result: the average monthly savings in direct drug costs compared to the previous system were 4.080,81€ (48.97%). The application of the program represented a significant increase in the activity of the Pharmacy Department (treatment validation, drug conciliation and preparation and checking of the medication).Conclusion: the implementation of pharmaceuti-cal care programs in nursing homes from hospital pharmacy departments gets to reduce direct costs in drugs. However, these actions must be accom-panied by a budget for equipment and human resources in order to develop quality pharmaceuti-cal care (AU)

A systematic review of drug allergy alert systems.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Drug allergy alert systems (DAAS), have been considered an effective strategy to reduce preventable adverse drug events (ADEs), improving patient's safety. To date, no review has been conducted analyzing characteristics of DAAS in the hospital setting. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify, describe and summarize the DAAS used in hospitals. The secondary objectives are to analyse drug allergy alerts (DAA) characteristics, the override rate (OvR) and the clinical consequences of alert overrides. METHODS: Searches were conducted in Medline and Cochrane Library to identify studies describing DAAS. Systems characteristics, generated alerts, DAA, OvR, and its clinical consequences were extracted and analyzed. RESULTS: Twenty-eight articles were included in the review. Seventeen different electronic DAAS were identified, of which 53% were commercially available. Systems differed in drug allergy information and rules for generating alerts. DAA were generally interruptive, triggered by non-exact match at drug prescribing and when ignored, an override reason was mandatory. The OvR ranged from 43.7% to 97%. The main override reason given by providers was that 'patient had previously tolerated or had taken the drug without allergic reaction'. Clinical consequences of overriding DAA were only analyzed in four studies, with an ADE incidence between 0% and 6%. CONCLUSIONS: Different DAAS are used in hospitals with some degree of heterogeneity. Accurate and updated drug allergy information is important to generate only high value alerts. A regular review of DAAS and a standardization of alert rules, alert information and override reasons are necessary to optimize systems. Future studies should evaluate the impact of the DAAS aspects on preventing ADEs.

Drug Recommendation from Diagnosis Codes: Classification vs. Collaborative Filtering Approaches.

Over time, large amounts of clinical data have accumulated in electronic health records (EHRs), making it difficult for healthcare professionals to navigate and make patient-centered decisions. This underscores the need for healthcare recommendation systems that help medical professionals make faster and more accurate decisions. This study addresses drug recommendation systems that generate an appropriate list of drugs that match patients' diagnoses. Currently, recommendations are manually prepared by physicians, but this is difficult for patients with multiple comorbidities. We explored approaches to drug recommendations based on elderly patients with diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease who visited primary-care clinics and often had multiple conditions. We examined both collaborative filtering approaches and traditional machine-learning classifiers. The hybrid model between the two yielded a recall at 5 of 76.61%, a precision at 5 of 46.20%, a macro-averaged area under the curve of 74.52%, and an average physician agreement of 47.50%. Although collaborative filtering is widely used in recommendation systems, our results showed that it consistently underperformed traditional classification. Collaborative filtering was sensitive to class imbalances and favored the more popular classes. This study highlighted challenges that need to be addressed when developing recommendation systems in EHRs.

Automated multi-dose dispensing in persons with and without Alzheimer's disease-impacts on pharmacotherapy.

PURPOSE: We investigated the drug use before and after transition to automated multi-dose dispensing (MDD) service among persons with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and compared whether the changes were similar in persons without AD. METHODS: The register-based Finnish nationwide MEDALZ cohort includes 70,718 community-dwelling persons diagnosed with AD during 2005-2011. Each person who initiated MDD was matched in both groups with a comparison person without MDD by age, gender and for persons with AD, also time since AD diagnosis at the start of MDD. The study cohort included 15,604 persons with AD in MDD and 15,604 no-MDD, and 5224 persons without AD in MDD and 5224 no-MDD. Point prevalence of drug use was assessed every 3 months, from 1 year before to 2 years after the start of MDD and compared between persons in MDD to those who did not have MDD. RESULTS: MDD was started on average 2.9 (SD 2.1) years after AD diagnosis. At the start of MDD, the prevalence of drug use increased especially for antipsychotics, antidepressants, opioids, paracetamol and use of ≥ 10 drugs among persons with and without AD. Prevalence of benzodiazepine use (from 12% 12 months before to 17% at start of MDD), memantine (from 29 to 46%) and ≥ 3 psychotropics (from 3.2 to 6.0%) increased among persons with AD. Decreasing trend was observed for benzodiazepine-related drugs, urinary antispasmodics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. CONCLUSION: MDD seems to be initiated when use of psychotropics is initiated and the number of drugs increases.

El modelo GAM (Gestión Autónoma de la Medicación) como generador de autonomía en salud mental / O modelo GAM (Gestão Autônoma da Medicação) como gerador de autonomia em saúde mental / The autonomous medication management (AMM) model as a generator of autonomy in mental health care

En este texto presentamos una aproximación al concepto de autonomía aplicado al campo de la salud mental tomando como marco la "Guía para la gestión autónoma de la medicación" (GAM) y su despliegue en Brasil y España. La estrategia GAM plantea una comprensión de la autonomía alejada de una visión individualista para aproximarse a una perspectiva social y colectiva. En este artículo vamos a evidenciar los posibles desplazamientos y las tensiones generadas, así como los efectos de autonomización que conlleva su implementación en salud mental. En la experiencia brasileña, se observa ese desplazamiento desde el lugar del saber-poder, propio de los profesionales, mientras la experiencia española muestra cómo la adaptación de la herramienta parte de la necesaria implicación de los profesionales, de los usuarios/as, sus familias y su red social en un proceso conjunto de trabajo y cuidado colectivo. (AU)

Neste texto apresentamos o conceito de autonomia aplicado ao campo da saúde mental. Para isso tomaremos como referencial uma experiência denominada "Guia para a gestão autônoma de medicamentos" (GAM) e sua implantação em dois contextos geográficos: Brasil e Espanha. A estratégia GAM propõe uma compreensão da autonomia afastando-se de uma visão individualista para se aproximar de uma perspectiva social e coletiva. Neste artigo iremos evidenciar os possíveis deslocamentos e tensões presentes, bem como os possíveis efeitos da autonomização que sua implementação produziu no contexto do cuidado em saúde mental. Assim, na experiência brasileira, observamos como esse deslocamento se produz a partir desse lugar do poder-saber, típico da experiência do profissional, enquanto a experiência espanhola mostra como a adaptação da ferramenta decorre da implicação necessária dos profissionais, usuários, familiares e rede social em um processo conjunto de trabalho e cuidado coletivo. (AU)

In this article we present the concept of autonomy applied to the field of mental health drawing on experiences of the implementation of the "Autonomous Medication Management Guide" in two different contexts: Brazil and Spain. Autonomous medication management proposes an understanding of autonomy that moves away from an individualistic view towards a social and collective perspective. This article highlights potential shifts and tensions and the possible effects of "autonomization" in the context of mental health care. In the Brazilian experience, we observed how this shift is produced from the place of power-knowledge typical of professional practice, while the Spanish experience shows how the adaptation of the tool derives from the necessary involvement of professionals, service users, families and social networks through a joint process of collective working and care. (AU)

Criterios de Beers para identificar el consumo de medicación potencialmente inapropiada: adaptación para su aplicación en Argentina / Beers criteria to identify the consumption of potentially inappropriate medication: adaptation for its application inArgentina

Introducción. Los Criterios de Beers son los más utilizados para evaluar el uso de medicación potencialmente inapropiada en grandes poblaciones, pero no contemplan algunos medicamentos de uso frecuente fuera de los EE.UU. Objetivo. Realizar una adaptación al contexto de Argentina de los Criterios de Beers publicados en 2019. Métodos. Fue elaborada una lista preliminar de medicación potencialmente inapropiada adaptada a la comercialización local, que luego fue consensuada por un panel de expertos (método Delphi). Resultados. De los 112 medicamentos originales listados en la tabla dos de los Criterios de Beers (en forma individual o como grupo), fueron excluidos 36 por no estar disponibles el país y fueron sumados 23 que no se comercializan en los EE.UU. pero sí en Argentina. Luego de dos rondas y de consensuar la suma a esta lista de dos grupos farmacológicos(antimigrañosos y vasodilatadores periféricos), fue acordado el agregado de picosulfato, bisacodilo, senósidos y cáscara sagrada como medicación potencialmente inapropiada en el grupo de agentes contra el estreñimiento, la fluoxetina entre los inhibidores selectivos de la recaptación de serotonina y el Ginkgo biloba como droga contra la demencia. También hubo consenso en advertir el riesgo de hipotensión ortostática asociado a la tamsulosina, en aconsejar la consideración de la carga anticolinérgica total del esquema terapéutico administrado y en recomendar al paracetamol como primera línea de tratamiento del dolor, asociado o no a opioides. Conclusiones. Contar con una versión de los Criterios de Beers 2019 adaptada al contexto de Argentina contribuirá al desarrollo y monitoreo de intervenciones para prevenir y reducir el consumo de medicación potencialmente inapropiada. (AU)

Introduction.The Beers Criteria is the most widely used criteria to assess the use of potentially inappropriate medication in large populations, but they do not include some medications that are frequently used outside the United States. Objective.To make an adaptation of the Beers Criteria published in 2019 to the context of Argentina. Methods. A preliminary list of potentially inappropriate medication adapted to local market and practice was designed, which was then agreed upon by a panel of experts (Delphi method). Results. Of the 112 original drugs in the table 2 of the Beers Criteria (individually or as a group), 36 were excluded because they were not available in Argentina and 23 locally marketed drugs but not in the US were included. After two rounds and agreeing to add two additional pharmacological groups to this list (antimigraine and peripheral vasodilators), it was decided to add picosulfate, bisacodyl, sennosides and cascara sagrada as potentially inappropriate medication in the group of anti-constipation agents, fluoxetine among. the selective serotonin reup take inhibitors and Ginkgo biloba as an anti-dementia drug. There was also consensus in warning about the risk of orthostatic hypotension associated with tamsulosin,in advising consideration of the total anticholinergic load of the therapeutic regimen administered, and in recommending paracetamol as the first line of pain treatment, associated or not with opioids. Conclusions. Having a version of the Beers Criteria 2019 adapted to the Argentine context will contribute to the development and monitoring of interventions to prevent and reduce the consumption of potentially inappropriate medication. (AU)